I-Postmodernism ekwakhiweni kwangaphakathi yisitayela, lapho sibheka kuqala, esibonakala sengathi siyisixakaxaka esilawulwayo: imibala ekhangayo, inhlanganisela yezimo, izinkomba zomlando, kanye nokuhlekisa okuncaneNakuba namuhla siyibona njengento yesimanje kakhulu, izimpande zayo zibuyela emuva ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kanye nobuciko bamaphakathi nekhulu lama-20, lapho abadali abaningi bakhathala yizindawo ezibandayo, eziphumuzayo nezisebenza ngokweqile zokunyakaza kwesimanje.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ngemva kokuvela kwesitayela sezimboni kanye nokubukeka kweNordic okuncane, sibhekene nohlobo "lwentsha yesibili" ye-postmodernism. Imihlobiso, amajiyometri aqinile, ukuhlukahluka okunamandla, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezinesibindi sekubuyile.Futhi ngazo, indlela yokuhlobisa esebenza cishe njengomkhiqizo wesiteji, lapho ifenisha ngayinye nento ngayinye iziphatha njengezithombe ezincane endlini.
Kuyini i-postmodernism futhi ifinyelela kanjani ngaphakathi kwezindlu zethu?
Ukuze uqonde i-postmodernism ngaphakathi, umuntu kumele aqale abheke izakhiwo. Izakhiwo zesimanje, ezazidumile kusukela ngawo-20, zazisekela ukusebenza okudlulele, ubumsulwa obusemthethweni, kanye nokungabikho ngokuphelele kokuhlobisa.Izakhiwo zake zachazwa ngokuthi “imishini yokuhlala,” ngamazwi kaLe Corbusier. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amanye amalungu omphakathi kanye nabakhi abaningi baqala ukubona lezi zindawo njengezibandayo, eziphindaphindayo, futhi ezingenabo ubuntu.
Kusukela ngawo-60 kuqhubeke, ikakhulukazi e-United States naseYurophu, kwaqala ukusabela. Abakhi bezakhiwo abanjengoRobert Venturi, uDenise Scott Brown, noCharles Jencks bagxeka ukuqina kobusimanje futhi bakhuthaza ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi, okuphikisanayo, okungokomfanekiso okuhlobene nomlando.Igama elithi “postmodern” lathandwa kakhulu nguJencks, owakhuluma ngokubuya kobuhlakani, imihlobiso, kanye nokubhekisela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo.
Lesi simo esisha saqiniswa ngawo-70 futhi saqhuma ngawo-80, ngezakhiwo ezifana ne-Portland Building kaMichael Graves noma i-AT&T Building yangaphambilini kaPhilip Johnson (manje eyi-Sony). Le misebenzi ihlanganise amakholomu akudala, imibala ebukhali, izimo zejometri ezigqamile, kanye nezinkomba zomlando ezihunyushwe kabusha ngamahlaya.Umyalezo wawucacile: kwanele ngezimfundiso, "okuncane kukhulu" sekuphelile; manje isimo asilandeli nje umsebenzi, kodwa futhi silandisa izindaba.
Lowo moya ofanayo washeshe wangena ekuklanyweni nasekuhlobiseni ifenisha. Lokho okwase kuqalile ngezinga lasemadolobheni kwangena emakamelweni okuphumula, emakhishini, nasemakamelweni okulala ngesimo sefenisha eqoshiwe, imibala egqamile, amaphethini ejometri, kanye nenhlanganisela engabonakali yezitayela nezinkathi.Ekuklanyweni kwangaphakathi, i-postmodernism isebenza njenge-collage enkulu lapho umphumela wokugcina uyindlela eyodwa, kodwa wakhiwe ngezinto ezihluke kakhulu.
Izici ezibalulekile ze-postmodernism ekwakhiweni kwangaphakathi
Uma sikhuluma nge-postmodernism yasekhaya, asikhulumi ngesitayela "esihlanzekile" nesilula ukusibiza, kodwa mayelana nesimo sengqondo. Ingqikithi yayo itholakala engxubeni, ihlaya, ukudlala ngomlando, kanye nokwenqatshwa kokuqina kokusebenza.Noma kunjalo, kunezici eziningana eziphindaphindayo ezisiza ekukuboneni.
1. Buyela ekuhlobiseni nasekuchazeni imininingwane yokuhlobisaNgokungafani ne-minimalism, esusa konke okungadingekile, i-postmodernism ihlanganisa ukuhlobisa. Ukubumba okumangalisayo, ozimele abagqamile, izibani ezibaziweyo, izibambo ezinezimo ezingavamile… Into ayifezi nje injongo, iyavezwa futhi idlulise okuthile.
2. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuthathwe kakhuluAkukhona nje ukuhlanganisa "isitayela sezimboni nesakudala" noma "esakudala nesanamuhla." Sikhuluma ngokwahlukana okukhulu kakhulu: Amapulasitiki nama-methacrylates eceleni kwezinkuni ezinhle, imibala ekhanyayo eceleni kwemibala engathathi hlangothi, izinkomba zakudala eduze kwezithonjana ezidumileIngaphakathi le-postmodern liyinhlanganisela ehlosiwe edala ubuhle balo.
3. Imibala enamandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kombala ngendlela ecacileUmbala awugcini nje "ekupendeni" udonga, kodwa usetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuklama ukugcizelela i-geometry yesikhala, ukumaka amavolumu noma ukudala amaphuzu agxile abonakalayo. Ama-palette ane-pastel enamandla, imibala egcwele, kanye nezinhlanganisela ezingavamile Zivamile, ikakhulukazi uma iminyaka yawo-70 no-80 ihunyushwa kabusha.
4. Ijiyometri njengomlingiswa oyinhlokoIfenisha nezinto zokwakha zigcwele izindilinga, ama-arches, onxantathu, ama-zigzag kanye namavolumu ezitebhisi. Izinhlobo ezilula zesimanje zithathelwa indawo yi-geometri edlalayo, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nehaba., okusikhumbuza isikhathi seBaroque ngenxa yobungcweti bazo baseshashalazini, kodwa ngolimi lwanamuhla.
5. Izinto ezifana nezithombe eziqoshiweIsihlalo, itafula eliseceleni, noma isihlalo akusezona izinto eziyimfihlo ezinqunyelwe ukufeza umsebenzi wazo. Ku-postmodernism, ziziphatha cishe njengezithombe eziqoshiwe: zinikezwa ubukhona obuqinile obusemthethweni, amavolumu angavamile, kanye nomlingiswa wobuntu obuhlukile kakhulu.Abaklami abanjengoWendell Castle noma uJohn Makepeace bawubonisa kahle lowo mbono "wefenisha-isithombe".
6. Ukuhlekisa, ukudlala kanye nencazelo ephindwe kabiliIzinto eziningi zakhiwe ngenhloso yokuhlekisa noma yokuhlekisa: Izinkomba zezitayela zomlando ezihunyushwe kabusha ngamahlaya, izilinganiso ezigqamile, imibala ephula isithunzi sakudalaYilokhu uJencks nabanye ososayensi bemibono abakubiza ngokuthi "ukubhala ikhodi kabili": lesi sikhala sikhuluma ngesikhathi esisodwa nomphakathi jikelele kanye nochwepheshe, sigcwele izincazelo zamasiko.
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje: kusukela esakhiweni kuya egumbini lokuphumula
Umklamo wangaphakathi we-Postmodern ususelwa ngqo emisebenzini ethile yobuciko edumile. Izici eziningi esizibonayo namuhla emakamelweni okuphumula nasemakhishini zaqala ezakhiweni ezazike zahlukana kakhulu nesimanje..
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukwakheka kwesimanje kwaqala njengomkhuba ngawo-50, kwaba ukunyakaza okucacile ngawo-70 futhi kuyaqhubeka nokuba nethonya nanamuhla. Isici sayo esiyinhloko ukwenqatshwa kobumsulwa besimanje kanye nokubuyiselwa kwenani elibonakalayo lokuhlobisa, umbala, kanye nezinkomba zomlando.Ngokungafani nezakhiwo ezinde zeglasi nensimbi ezingahlotshisiwe, izakhiwo zesimanje zidlala ngezicabha zesimanje, uphahla olune-gabled oluvuselelwe, amakholomu ahunyushwe kabusha, kanye nezindawo ezingavamile.
Izibonelo ezifana nePortland Building noma isakhiwo esidala se-AT&T eNew York zibonisa lesi simo sengqondo. Zombili zithatha izakhi zakudala—ama-cornices, ama-pediment, amakholomu—, ziwakhulise, ziwafake umbala, bese ziwahlanganisa nezinhlobo zesimanje.Leso senzo esifanayo yilokho, ngokwezinga lasekhaya, okusiholela ekuhlanganiseni isibani esiphefumulelwe ubuciko nesihlalo sepulasitiki esinombala ogqamile kanye nebhokisi lamadrowa lesitayela sakudala.
EYurophu, imisebenzi efana ne-Neue Staatsgalerie eStuttgart (James Stirling) noma i-Piazza d'Italia kaCharles Moore yaletha phambili ukusetshenziswa kombala, amafomu angewona awe-orthogonal kanye nezinkomba zomlando ezidlalayo. I-Piazza d'Italia, enezinsika zayo "zakudala" ezimbozwe ngensimbi kanye nekhwalithi yayo efana neyeshashalazi, efana nesiteji, iyisibonelo esiphelele sendlela ukwakheka kwezakhiwo zangemuva kwesimanje okuhlanganisa ngayo ukuzola kanye nokuhlekisa..
Konke lokhu kumongo wezakhiwo kubonakala ekwakhiweni kwangaphakathi: Nakuba izicabha zivuselela amakholomu nezinsika ngendlela exakile, ingaphakathi lamukela ukwakheka, amaphethini wejometri, izinkomba zakudala, nemibala enamandla ngokuntuleka okufanayo kokuvinjelwa.Umphumela uba yizindawo ezingadeli induduzo, kodwa ezibeka phambili ukuzwela kanye nokuxoxa izindaba ngokubona.
Ubudlelwano nezitayela zangaphambilini: kusukela ku-modernism kuya ku-postmodernism
I-Postmodernism ayiveli ngokuzumayo: Kuyindlela eqondile yokusabela emikhawulweni ebonwayo yenhlangano yanamuhla, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlengwa okubalulekile kwezitayela zomlandoSingabheka ukuvela kwayo njengengxoxo nesikhathi esidlule.
I-modernism, egxile ekusebenzeni, ezomnotho ezakhayo kanye nokwethembeka kwezinto ezibonakalayo, yayicishe isuse ngokuphelele imihlobiso. Izindlu ezisekelwe ekubaleni, eziphindaphindayo, nezingenamsebenzi zagcina sezibhekwa njengezingamukeleki futhi ezingenabuntu.Ezinye izakhiwo eziwine imiklomelo, njenge-Pruitt-Igoe complex eSt. Louis, zagcina zibhidliziwe ngemva kokuba seziyizindawo eziyinkinga, uphawu lokwehluleka kwezinye izindawo zanamuhla ezingavamile.
Ephendula, ama-postmodernist abheka emuva emlandweni: Amakholomu akudala, ama-pediment, ama-cornices, uphahla lwendabuko, kanye nezinto ze-Baroque noma ze-Neoclassical ziyavela futhi, kodwa azikaze zibe amakhophi angokoqobo.Ziyeqiswa, zihlanganiswe nezinye izitayela, zisuswe emongweni, noma zihunyushwe kabusha ngezinto zesimanje. Izakhiwo ezinde zinemiqhele ebonakalayo futhi, uphahla olugobile luvuselelwa esikhundleni sophahla oluyisicaba oludumile lwesimanje, futhi imibala eyayibhekwa njenge "engenamsebenzi" iyethulwa.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-postmodernism ihlanganisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezinto: Umklamo awusasetshenziswa njengokungathi isakhiwo noma ingaphakathi lihlukaniswe nendawo ezungezile, kodwa kunalokho njengengxoxo nomongo wedolobha namasiko.Ngaphakathi endlini, lokho kusho ukucabangela umlando wesakhiwo, indawo, imikhuba yabasebenzisi kanye nezinkomba abazijwayele, ukuzihlanganisa nolimi oluhlekisayo noma oludlalayo.
Le ndlela yokuqonda umongo ixhumanisa nomqondo wokuthi lonke ulwazi lubucayi esimweni; Umklamo wesimanje awuhlose ukunikeza ikhambi elibanzi noma elingaphelelwa yisikhathi, kodwa kunalokho ukusabela esikhathini esithile, endaweni, kanye namasiko.Yingakho kuvame kakhulu ukuthi ingaphakathi lesimanje lixube izimpawu zendawo, izithonjana zemidiya, kanye nezinkomba zobuciko noma izakhiwo.
Kusukela kubuciko be-postmodern kuya ku-salon: ithonya elibonakalayo nelamasiko
I-Postmodernism yangaphakathi ayigcini nje ngokuthatha izakhiwo, kodwa futhi ithatha nobuciko bepulasitiki. Ku ubuciko be-postmodern Isiko elidumile, ukuhlanganiswa kwezitayela, ukuhlanganiswa kwesiko eliphakeme neliphansi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezikhona kakade kuyavikelwa.konke lokhu kuvame ukuvezwa ngendlela yokuhlekisa noma ehlukene.
Abaculi be-Postmodern basebenzisa ubuciko bakudala, i-avant-garde kanye nezinyathelo ezandulele, kodwa futhi nasemakhomikhini, imidwebo, ukukhangisa noma abezindaba. Amasu endabuko ahambisana nezinsiza ezitholakala kubuchwepheshe obusha, ngaphandle kwezigaba ezicacile phakathi "kokuphezulu" kanye "nokuthandwa"Lokho kuhlangana okufanayo kungabonakala ngaphakathi lapho iphosta yobuhle obuphansi ihambisana khona nekhophi yomdwebo wakudala.
Ubuciko obuphansi, obubizwa nangokuthi i-pop surrealism, buyisibonelo esihle. Idalwe ngamasiko amancane afana namahlaya angaphansi komhlaba, umculo we-punk, kanye namasiko ashisayo aseCalifornia, iyabuza umehluko phakathi kobuciko "obuphezulu" kanye "nobuphansi".Ekuhlobiseni, ithonya layo livela emifanekisweni yasendulo, emifanekisweni nasezintweni zokuhlobisa ezethula amahlaya, imicabango kanye nokuthinta okubi ezindaweni zasekhaya.
Ubuciko bomqondo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngezinye izikhathi buhlotshaniswa ne-postmodernism ngenxa yokugcizelela kwayo ukuhlukanisa ukuthi umsebenzi wobuciko uyini ngempela bese ususa ukugxila entweni ebonakalayo kuye emcabangweni noma ekubukeni kombukeliIzibonelo zomlando ezifana nomchamo odumile kaDuchamp, ucezu lukaJohn Cage olungakhulumi oluyi-4'33" noma uRauschenberg's Erased De Kooning Umbuzo wokudweba ngobuciko, ubunikazi bombhali kanye nesimo sobuciko uqobo.
Ngaphakathi, lezi zindlela zihumusha zibe yinkululeko enkulu lapho kukhethwa izithombe nezinto. Inhloso akuyona nje ukudlulisa umyalezo ojulile kodwa ukwakha indawo ebonakalayo yomuntu siqu, eqondene nomuntu, futhi ehlanganisiwe ngokusobala.Umdwebo ungakhethwa ngenxa yomphumela wobuhle obumsulwa, ngenxa yokuhlekisa, noma ngenxa yokukhumbula izikhathi ezidlule, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuwuthethelela ngenkulumo enkulu yemfundiso.
Izinhloso, izifundiswa ezibalulekile, kanye nabakhi bezakhiwo besikhathi samanje
Ngemuva kwe-postmodernism akukhona nje kuphela ukuqonda kobuhle; kukhona ukucabanga okunamandla kwemfundiso. UCharles Jencks, uRobert Venturi, uDenise Scott Brown, nabanye ababhali baveza lokho abaklami abaningi nabaklami ababeqala ukukwenza. ngokwenza.
UJencks, encwadini yakhe ngolimi lwezakhiwo zesimanje, ukhulume ngokuvuselelwa komlando, izingathekiso ezisemthethweni, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zabezindaba njengerepertoire. Kuye, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo, kanye nokwakheka kwangaphakathi, kwadingeka bamukele ubunzima bamasiko aleso sikhathi, basebenzise umongo njengomthombo, futhi bayeke ukunganaki ukusabela komphakathi kwabasebenzisi.Ugxeke inhlangano yanamuhla ngokunganaki kwayo indawo yasemadolobheni nangokuzama ukubumba ukuziphatha kwabantu ngombono oqinile kakhulu.
UVenturi, yena, wavikela ngokusobala ukwakheka "kobunkimbinkimbi nokuphikisana". Ngokungafani nencwadi kaMies van der Rohe ethi “less is more,” wethula incwadi yakhe edumile ethi “less is boring,” ekhuthaza ukuxubana, ukungaqondakali, kanye nokubhekisela emlandweni.Emsebenzini wakhe kanye nokaScott Brown, kunesithakazelo esicacile sokufunda ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo okudumile, izindawo zansuku zonke (njenge-skyline yezentengiselwano yaseLas Vegas), kanye nezimpawu abantu abaziqondayo ngempela.
Phakathi kwabakhi bezakhiwo be-postmodern abanethonya elikhulu sithola izithombe ezifana URobert Venturi, uCharles Moore, uMichael Graves, uJames Stirling noma uCarlo ScarpaNgayinye inendlela yayo ekhethekile yokuhumusha ukunyakaza. Abanye bathambekele kakhulu emibala nasezifomeni zezithombe, abanye bathambekele kakhulu ezinkomba zomlando kanye nokuhlekisa.
Izinhloso ezijwayelekile ze-postmodernism zingafingqwa ngamaphuzu amaningana: ukulungisa amaphutha esimanje, ukuvuselela imihlobiso kanye nezimpawu, ukudlulisa izincazelo (ngokuvamile ngamahlaya), ukuphendula esimweni samasiko kanye nesasemadolobheni, kanye nokwamukela ubuningi obusemthethweniLolu hlelo lwemibono manje seludluliselwa, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, kumaphrojekthi amaningi okuklama angaphakathi athola leyo nkululeko efanayo.
Ngamagama asemthethweni, ukunyakaza kuhunyushwa ngokuthi Ivolumu yezithombe, uphahla oluphezulu noma olugcizelelwe, ukusetshenziswa kwe-trompe l'oeil, ukudlala ngezikali, ukufundwa okuphindwe kabili, ukuhlekisa, kanye nokunaka okunamandla kokuhlangenwe nakho kwemizwa yomsebenzisi.Konke lokhu kuhambisana kahle nokuhlobisa ikhaya okungafuni ukuba hlangothi, kodwa kunalokho kuxoxa indaba ngabantu abahlala lapho.
Konke lokhu kuguqulela kanjani esimweni sangaphakathi samanje se-postmodern?
Uma sehlela esikalini sezindlu, yini esiyibonayo endaweni ethonywe ngokusobala yi-postmodernism? Izindawo ezikhanyayo lapho umbala, izimo nezinto zinesisindo esicishe sibe seshashalazini, futhi lapho ingxube yesitayela ingeyona iphutha, kodwa iyisihluthulelo solimi.
Empeleni, kuvamile ukuthola Izindonga ezihlanganisa imibala engathathi hlangothi nemisindo enamandla, ifenisha ene-geometry ephawuliwe, izingcezu zakudala ezihunyushwe kabusha, izinto eziphikisanayo, kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko noma imifanekiso ebhekisela kokubili kumasiko akudala kanye namahlaya noma i-graffiti.Ukuhlobisa akuklanyelwe "ukungaqashelwa", kodwa ukukhiqiza umthelela obonakalayo kanye nokumangala okuthile.
Izinto zokwakha zidlala indima ebalulekile. I-Methacrylate, ipulasitiki yekhwalithi ephezulu, ama-lacquer acwebezelayo, noma izinsimbi ezicwebezelayo zihambisana kahle namamabula, ukhuni oluhle, noma izindwangu ezicebile.Isihluthulelo sisekuhlukeni: kubanda futhi kufudumele, kubushelelezi futhi kulukhuni, akucwebezeli futhi kuyakhazimula. Lokhu kungqubuzana kudala ukungezwani kokubona futhi kunikeza isici ekamelweni.
Ifenisha ingenye iphuzu elinamandla: amasofa anezithombe ezinde eziyindilinga, izihlalo ezinezindawo zokuphumula ezigqamile, amatafula anemilenze eqoshiwe, noma amabhodi aseceleni akhumbuza izakhiwo ezincaneIzingcezu eziningi zibhekisela, ngendlela ecishe ibe yinkimbinkimbi, emisebenzini edumile yokwakha noma yokuklama, okuqinisa leyo ngxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwekhaya nelasemadolobheni.
Ngokuphathelene nokukhanya, kukhona inqwaba Izibani ezinezimo ezihlukile, ngokuvamile ezinomuzwa weminyaka yo-1970 noma yo-1980, ezinikeza ukukhanya nokubonakalaIsibani asiyona nje indawo yokukhanya, siwuphawu olubalulekile ngaphakathi kokwakheka, cishe njengesifanekiso esilengayo.
Lonke lolu limi, olwavela njengempendulo yokubanda kokuqonda, selubuya lubuyele esimweni sanamuhla lapho kubhekene nombono omncane abaningi abawubona njengongenabo ubuntu. Ukuhlobisa kwangemva kwesimanje kunikeza indlela yokuba nezindlu eziveza imizwa, ezigcwele izinkomba zamasiko, amahlaya kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezitayela, ngaphandle kokudela induduzo noma ukusebenza kwansuku zonke.Kuyindlela yokuphila lapho ukuhlobisa kubuyiselwa indawo yako futhi ingaphakathi liba yindaba ebonakalayo yomuntu ohlala kuyo.
Ngale ndlela, i-postmodernism ekuklanyweni kwangaphakathi iqondwa kangcono njengohlaka olubanzi, olukwazi ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo, ubuciko, isiko elidumile kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu endaweni efanayo. Ukubaluleka kwayo okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthi sisadinga izindawo ezingagcini nje ngokusebenza kahle, kodwa futhi ezisijabulisayo, ezisijabulisa, nezisivumela ukuthi sidlale ngobuwena bethu..